God is (also) a woman
Throughout human evolution, mechanisms have developed to identify potential genetic benefits in other individuals. Females, in particular, have evolved their menstrual cycle not only for reproductive purposes but also to detect suitable mates [1-2]. Research indicates that mate preference is influenced by different phases of the menstrual cycle [2-5].
The menstrual cycle begins with the stimulation of immature ovarian follicles by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) [6-7]. Mid-cycle, there is a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that triggers ovulation and increases progesterone levels in the body [6-7]. During the early phases approaching ovulation (known as the oestrus phase), various hormones are released, which can affect women's behavior, including their ability to detect genetic benefits, such as masculinity [7-8]. Theoretically, women exhibit a stronger preference for more masculine and symmetrical features, as well as dominant, creative, and intelligent male mates when their fertility is at its peak [2, 5, 8]. Men, on the other hand, unconsciously find fertile women more attractive than those in their non-fertile phase or those whose menstrual cycle is altered by medication [3, 10]. If fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease, leading to menstruation [6-7].
In general, the use of contraceptive pills in women alters their physiology to mimic that of a pregnant woman [10]. The increased levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body prevent ovulation and eliminate the oestrus phase [10]. As a result, the ability of pill users to detect cues of genetic benefits is affected. Studies have shown that compared to non-pill users, women who use contraceptive pills have a weaker preference for facial and vocal masculinity, as well as facial symmetry, which are typically considered indicators of genetic quality in males [10-12]. Additionally, pill users exhibit a stronger preference for men whose major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is similar to theirs [10-13]. This preference suggests a tendency for pill users to favor mates who are similar to relatives or who appear more suitable for child rearing [10].
The classic game of "fuck, marry, kill" provides an illustration of how physical characteristics influence mate preference unconsciously in humans.
In a group of six friends playing this game, Dave, a big, masculine, brunette, and blue-eyed South Asian-American, scored the highest in the "kill" category. Jamie, a fit, blonde American with relatively softer facial features, scored the highest in the "fuck" category. Jose, a tall, brunette Mexican-American with feminine facial features, scored the highest in the "marry" category.
Despite Dave's strong masculine traits, most females considered many of his characteristics as threatening and too intimidating. Jamie, on the other hand, possessed a balance of both masculine and feminine traits, making him an attractive candidate for a one-night stand due to the perceived presence of "good genes." Jose's feminine features conveyed a sense of trust, care, and kindness, earning him points in the "marry" category as a potential nurturing partner. Interestingly, it was later revealed that Dave had more short-term relationships compared to both Jamie and Jose.
Humans possess the remarkable ability to choose their own mates, allowing us to navigate the complex dynamics of attraction and reproduction. Games like fuck, marry, kill shed light on how physical attributes can heavily influence our mate selection process. However, it's important to recognize that mate choices involve various tradeoffs. Individuals like Dave, with prominent masculine features, often attract multiple fertile partners, leading to a predisposition for short-term or polygamous relationships aimed at spreading "beneficial genes." Conversely, individuals like Jose are more inclined towards long-term monogamous relationships, as they possess qualities conducive to child-rearing.
While mate selection plays a significant role in determining the characteristics of future generations, humans have the capacity to transcend purely biological instincts. Unlike our animal ancestors, we have evolved to utilize our sophisticated brains to make conscious decisions about our evolutionary path. By embracing our humanity and working together as a collective, we can overcome the limitations imposed by our biological urges. Total freedom lies in transcending the confines of mere species and fostering a harmonious coexistence among all human beings. As the renowned feminist thinker Simone de Beauvoir aptly stated, "Being human is far more significant than any particular qualities that set individuals apart; it is not the given traits that confer superiority."
References
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